Mohammad Hasan Algarhy - محمد حسن الجارحي

Sunday, April 6, 2025

Reconsidering the Etymology of Pharaoh: A Semitic Onomastic Approach Rooted in the Name “Faran”

Reconsidering the Etymology of Pharaoh: A Semitic Onomastic Approach Rooted in the Name “Faran”

By Mohammad Hasan Algarhy — Egyptian Author & Researcher

1. The Traditional View of the roots of the word Pharoah: Parʿōh from pr-ˁȝ

The orthodoxy among Egyptologists and biblical scholars has been that:

Egyptian pr = “house”
Egyptian ˁȝ = “great”
The term pr-ˁȝ was used to refer to the royal court or palace (like “White House”), and over time, became a metonym for the king himself.

But...

The actual use of “Pharaoh” as a direct reference to the king (not his court) doesn’t appear in Egyptian inscriptions until quite late—possibly not before the 18th Dynasty, and it was not even a formal title of the Egyptian King, it appeared in a letter as a form of showing respect.

2. Problems with the Traditional Derivation

There are several problems or gaps in the traditional etymology:

No unambiguous Egyptian source directly shows “Pharaoh” as a proper name or exclusive title before the Late Period.
The transition from a descriptive noun phrase (great house) to a monarchical title is:

Late in Egyptian usage.
Not uniformly applied—some kings are never referred to as pr-ˁȝ in native texts.

The Hebrew usage appears consistent and personified, suggesting a different transmission or interpretation entirely.

3. Alternative Hypotheses – Where Else Could Parʿōh Come From?

3.1. The Name "Faran" in Safaitic Inscriptions

Safaitic inscriptions (1st millennium BCE to early CE) are an essential window into proto-Arabic or North Arabian tribal names and expressions.
The appearance of the name “Faran” linked to the Beli tribe is significant—especially if this group had contact or migration paths toward Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period (roughly 1800–1550 BCE, covering the 13th and 14th Dynasty).
The name Faran is structurally and phonetically strong: it aligns with Semitic naming conventions and preserves the F-R-N root, which is close to F-R-ʿ-N (Fir‘awn).

3.2. Hypothetical Egyptianization of “Faran” → “Fir‘awn”

This step is highly plausible:

Egyptian administrative or royal practice often Egyptianized foreign names and titles to integrate foreign elites or rulers.
The adaptation Faran → Fir‘awn:

Adds the ʿayn (a common Egyptian pharyngeal or voiced guttural),
Inserts a suffix common to Egyptian name-forms (-ʿn / -ʿwn),
And makes the name more culturally recognizable in Egyptian script and speech.

This mirrors what happens with names like:

Yusuf → Zaphenath-paneah (Genesis)
Sheshi → Salitis (in the Hyksos king list)

3.3. F → P Shift and N-Dropping in Hebrew

Your linguistic transformation:

Arabic فِرْعَوْن (Firʿawn)
→ Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (Parʿōh)

Arabic F becomes Hebrew P: this shift is well-documented in Semitic borrowings (e.g., Filistin → Pelishtim).
Final -n dropped: common in Hebrew’s treatment of names (e.g., Yisra’el vs Israilun in some early dialects).

This matches known phonological adaptation patterns.

3.4. The Historical Anchor: Al-Waleed bin Mussab bin Faran

The name Al-Waleed bin Mussab bin Faran bin Beli bin Amr appears in some Arabic historical references and books. It overlaps with the 14th Dynasty rulers, whom Egyptologists confirm that the roots of the 14th Dynasty Kings were not native Egyptian and were from West Asia from the location that the name Faran appears in the Safitic inscriptions.

A Safitic Inscription Mentioning the Name "Faran"

The theory that Al-Waleed bin Mussab bin Faran was the Pharaoh of Moses offers an alternative to the traditional Ramesside hypothesis, and places it earlier, in line with other fringe but not implausible timelines. The book Phao Ra and King Mose (Moussa) by Mohammad Hasan Algarhy gives more insights into this.

Why This Hypothesis is Plausible

It breaks away from the "Pr-ˁȝ" orthodoxy, which lacks hard evidence of personal usage.
It’s based on known Semitic linguistic structures and phonetic pathways.
It links actual tribal movements and names from Safaitic/North Arabian sources to the Egyptian historical context.

Linguistic Evolution: From Faran to Pharaoh

A detailed section supported by the matrix below.

Faran (فران)
→ Firʿawn (فرعون)

Insertion of pharyngeal ʿayn for Egyptian phonology
Addition of Egyptian-style suffix “-ʿwn”
→ Parʿōh (פַּרְעֹה)
F → P (Semitic dialectal adaptation)
Omission of final “-n”
Stabilization in Hebrew

Comparative Linguistic Matrix

Form/Language	Root/Form	Sound Changes	Notes
Safaitic (North Arabian)	Faran (فران)	–	Attested tribal name
Egyptianized Semitic	Firʿawn (فرعون)	+ʿayn, +wn	Possible adaptation for royal use
Arabic (Qur’an)	Firʿawn	Maintained	Re-enters Semitic via Arabic
Hebrew (Tanakh)	Parʿōh (פַּרְעֹה)	F→P, loss of -n	Hebrew form stabilizes as royal title
Traditional Egyptian (hieroglyphic)	pr-ˁȝ	“per-aa”	Means “great house” but never personal name

Key problems with the traditional etymology:

No early Egyptian king is referred to solely as pr-ˁȝ in their native titulary. The term appears as a metonym for the palace or court but not as a name or standalone royal title.
Amarna letters (14th century BCE), written in Akkadian, use “Šarri” (king) or specific personal names — never “Pharaoh.”
The transformation from “great house” to a deified monarchical name is not well-paralleled in Egyptian onomastics, where kings had five royal names, each tied to theological and cosmic significance.
The consistent use of Parʿōh in the Hebrew Bible and Firʿawn in the Qur’an suggests that the term had been naturalized as a proper name in Semitic tradition — something unlikely if it were merely a translated Egyptian descriptor.

Therefore, the Semitic origin hypothesis offers a more cohesive explanation: a tribal name (Faran) adapted and elevated in Egyptian context, then transmitted back through Semitic speech as a fixed, royal title.

Monday, February 17, 2025

The Big Defreeze of the Universe: Identity Stem Waves and Complex Forces in Cosmology

A study by Mohammad Hasan Algarhy proposes that the universe originated from a reverse mechanism of the Big Freeze, beginning as a tiny collective quantum wave, the 'Identity Stem Wave of the Universe' (ISWU). This wave accumulated energy, forming identity stem waves of matter, eventually leading to a super symmetrical crystal structure. The study introduces the concept of "The Big Defreeze," wherein the universe emerged from a frozen state at nearly absolute zero temperature. Additionally, the research explores three new fundamental forces, termed "The Complex Forces," which could explain universal expansion and symmetry-breaking mechanisms. The study also suggests a methodology using Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) to test the proposed framework, offering new insights into cosmology and quantum mechanics.

Download the published paper from here

Check out the book from here:

The Big Defreeze of the Universe: (Analogies & Thought Experiments)

Friday, February 14, 2025

Mohammad Hasan Algarhy`s Published Papers

Proposing the 'IN Sign' for Enhanced Schrödinger's Equation in Quantum Mechanics:

Download from here.

Reconstructing the Chronology of Egyptian Predynastic Kings A Multi-Approach Analysis:

Download from here.

The Big Defreeze of the Universe: Identity Stem Waves and Complex Forces in Cosmology:

Download from here.

Research Gate.

Saturday, December 14, 2024

كلمات هيروغليفية في القرآن ؟!

Proposing the 'IN Sign' for Enhanced Schrödinger's Equation in Quantum Mechanics

Proposing the 'IN Sign' for Enhanced Schrödinger's Equation in Quantum Mechanics - Mohammad Hasan Algarhy

Check out this new paper: Proposing the 'IN Sign' for Enhanced Schrödinger's Equation in Quantum Mechanics:

https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR241208203705

Video Presentation:

Abstract:

This study proposes an addition to Schrödinger's equation by introducing the 'IN sign,' enabling the energy operator and wave function to interact dynamically and swap roles. This modification allows the energy operator to act within a field of waves and incorporates additional quantum states. The 'IN sign' is a step toward understanding wave function evolution across multiple variables, offering potential applications in quantum mechanics and topological studies.

Purpose:

This research aims to enhance Schrödinger's equation by integrating the 'IN sign,' allowing dynamic interaction between the energy operator and the wave function while extending its application to complex potentials and topological frameworks.

Significance:

The proposed modification has profound implications in quantum mechanics, enabling more comprehensive modeling of wave functions and their interactions across multidimensional systems.

Sunday, May 5, 2024

Akhen Aten - The King who pursued global peace and non-violence

The President of the United States wakes up one day and says “Hey guys, you know what, we got it wrong, enough violence, blood, and wars around the world. Only animals kill each other, we are supposed to be smart creatures, and we should find smarter, and peaceful solutions for our conflicts.

I am gonna stop all funding for the military, and I am gonna allocate it to healthcare, education, and scientific research. I am gonna shut down the military-industrial complex, and I am gonna turn the arms factories into hospitals, schools, and research centers.

What would be the reaction of the American people, the American army, and the military-industrial complex? What we the reaction of the world?

Well, something similar happened 3,400 years ago in Egypt, the greatest kingdom on earth back then. An era when the Egyptian Empire was at one of the peaks of its power with strong control over wider geographical territories east, west, and south.

In the 18^th dynasty about 1,351 BC. Akhenaten, a famous ancient Egyptian king who was the tenth ruler of the eighteenth dynasty decided after a few years of his inauguration to seek global peace globally, and stop war and violence in the whole world.

Akhenaten had a significantly progressive, and humane vision for achieving global peace and non-violence, even to date after about 3,400 years we are not able to acknowledge this vision and effectively work towards global peace. The significance of his vision was that it did not come from peace activists or organizations. It came from the king of the strongest empire on Earth who had the most powerful military. A case that has not been heard of in human history.

Yet, it seems that neither humanity, nor his military, nor his enemies were ready for such a progressive vision for global peace and non-violence.

The Amarna letters sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, are an archive, consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru, or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the New Kingdom, spanning a period between c. 1360–1332 BC. The letters were found in Upper Egypt at el-Amarna, the modern name for the ancient Egyptian capital of Akhet Aten, founded by the ancient Egyptian king Akhenaten who moved the capital of Egypt to Akhet Aten.

Most of the letters are in a variety of Akkadian and, Canaanite-Akkadian. In some letters, we see some of the city-state rulers (who could be considered as governors) in Canaan and West Asia in some of the territories that were under Egyptian control back then seeking military support and help from Akhenaten against their enemies, and highlighting that they are losing lands and this is a great threat to Egypt. It seems like Akhenaten was sticking to his peaceful vision, and it seems that he did not even respond to them, he was seriously done with war, blood, and violence, but his enemies were not, which created a huge threat to Egypt, and did lead to disastrous consequences on the Egyptian empire back then losing its power and control, and losing lands as well. Definitely the Egyptians in general, and the Egyptian military specifically were not happy with what was happening leading to what could be considered a military coup with Noble intentions, until Horemheb took control. Horemheb was the commander-in-chief of the army under the reign of Tutankhamun (The successor of Akhenaten).

In a sense, this did save the ancient Egyptian empire leading to the 19^th dynasty, and another powerful and prosperous era in ancient Egypt.

Akhenaten`s vision for global peace and non-violence was progressive and noble. Yet, at that time it seems that it was not practical, It seems as well that his approach to achieving his vision was not very successful. He decided to action his vision on his own without support neither from the Egyptians nor his military or his allies. Akhenaten did not try to gradually take this shift from a world dominated by violence, and military control to global peace and non-violence. Instead, he decided to take an instant, sort of shocking approach that simply would have never worked.

His approach to achieving his vision for global peace and non-violence was not the only challenge. He is perhaps best known for his religious reforms, particularly his attempt to establish monotheism as some scholars claim. Akhenaten's reign marked a significant departure from traditional Egyptian religious practices, which typically involved the worship of numerous deities. He promoted Aten as the sole deity, often depicted as a sun disk with rays ending in hands offering life. This religious shift led to the construction of the new capital city called Akhetaten dedicated to the worship of Aten. Some scholars do debate that he was not actually promoting monotheism and that it was simply a doctrine of ancient Egyptian beliefs.

Anyways, his religious reforms were not universally accepted, and his reign was marked by political and social upheaval. After his death, his successors, reversed many of his reforms, restoring the old religious practices and abandoning Akhetaten. Some of Akhenaten`s successors including Horemheb destroyed many of his artifacts, and archeological evidence of his legacy, they basically tried to delete him and his legacy from historical records.

His religious reforms were accompanied by changes in art and culture, notably the introduction of a more naturalistic artistic style, and for the first time the introduction of the humane side of the ancient Egyptian kings, with several depictions of Akhenaten having quality time with his family, his wife, and daughters. Ancient Egyptian kings, ' art and inscriptions before Akhenaten used to focus on depicting their military victories, and their legacies.

Despite the short-lived nature of Akhenaten's peaceful, non-violent religious revolution, Akhenaten remains a figure of fascination and debate among historians, Egyptologists, and scholars interested in ancient culture and religion. His reign continues to be studied for its unique contributions to Egyptian history and its impact on subsequent generations.

Would Akhenaten`s progressive vision for global peace and non-violence be achieved at some point in the future? Hopefully, it will not take humanity another 3,400 years to realize that we should end war, and violence and resolve our conflicts in a much smarter, and more peaceful way.

Tuesday, March 12, 2024

من هو نب فاو رع و من الملك موسى الذي حكم بعده؟

كتاب فاو رع و الملك موسى - محمد حسن الجارحي

حجر الملك ديدو موسى الأول

لتحميل ملف حجر الملك ديدو موسى الأول

Friday, March 1, 2024

Phao Ra and King Mose

Summary of the hypothesis presented in the book "Phao Ra and King Mose" - Mohammad Hasan Algarhy

· King Phao Ra was a West Asian who controlled a part of Northern Egypt in the Delta region toward the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty (c. 1725 – 1650 BC). He is likely to be the biblical pharaoh.

· King Phao Ra was from the same political alliance of the West Asians who immigrated to Ancient Egypt in huge groups. This political alliance included the Canaanites. The Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) were likely one group or tribe of those Canaanites.

· Political tension arose between King Phao Ra and his old allies mainly the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael), and he started a campaign of oppression against them.

· A man named Mose/Msw/Messu started a new movement preaching ideological teachings challenging King Phao Ra. Several groups (not limited to the Israelites) followed him. The Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) found a great opportunity in him to gain some political strength against King Phao Ra.

· The Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) together with the other groups following Mose/Msw/Messu did achieve victories against King Phao Ra under Mose`s leadership, who then managed a part of Ancient Egypt and reigned for a short time about seven years (c. 1588-1582 BC).

· During that time c.1550 BC another West Asian alliance (The Hyksos) controlled wider parts of Ancient Egypt. Dedu Mose tried to sue them for peace and might have succeeded in living in peace simultaneously with them for some time.

· A few years later came the native Ancient Egyptian King Ahmose I who was the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1550-1292 BC) and completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta.

· It became a priority for the eighteenth, nineteenth, and later dynasties to face the threat of the West Asian groups and prevent them from controlling any parts of Ancient Egypt again.

· Then came King Ramesses II who reigned (c. 1303 BC – 1213 BC), and whose name is Ra Mose II and not Ramesses II. He decided to expel any foreign threats from Egypt. His campaign was not specifically on the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael), it was against any foreign threat on Egyptian soil in general.

· Until King Ra Mose II we do not have archeological evidence that the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael), were called or known by that name.

· The first and only archeological evidence from Ancient Egypt that potentially refers to the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) under that name comes from the reign of the successor of King Ra Mose II. It is the Merneptah Stele. King Merneptah was the successor of Ra Mose II in the Nineteenth Dynasty. He reigned from 1213 to 1203 BC. He followed the West Asian groups including potentially the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) to the land of Canaan to remove the seeds of the threat.

· The Triumphal Relief of Shoshenq I (c. 943-922 BC) of the Twenty-second Dynasty refers to the names of thirteen groups and locations in the land of Canaan that were conquered by King Shoshenq I. This list does not mention the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) or Ysrỉꜣr, which has few significant indications:

o The land of Canaan still had the same political landscape characterized by city-states or tribe-states with no central or federal authority.

o There was no group called the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) or Ysrỉꜣr on the Canaan land during that time. (The time of Shoshenq I c. 943-922 BC).

o Despite that some of the names mentioned on the Triumphal Relief of Shoshenq I have similarities with some of the names of some of the locations and tribes mentioned in the bible that does not confirm that these groups are the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael). They are Canaanite tribes and city-states.

o The Israelites (B'nei Yisrael) or Ysrỉꜣr tribe-state probably lasted for a short time during King Merneptah's reign c. 1213 to 1203 BC, and then it was conquered and disappeared from any archeological evidence.

o The Triumphal Relief of Shoshenq I does not mention any Solomon's temple or David`s city despite that it does mention many other locations on that relatively small piece of land.

The historical and archeological evidence suggests the following regarding the biblical story of the Pharaoh, Moses, and the Exodus:

Biblical story	Anticipated Historical events
There was an Ancient Egyptian King named or entitled Phar aoh.	There was a West Asian King who controlled parts of Northern Ancient Egypt toward the end of the 14^th dynasty. His name was Phao Ra.
There is no consensus on the chronology of the biblical events. Some scholars suggested 1391–1271 BC; others suggestions mentioned 1592 BC, or 1571 BC as Mose`s birth year.	The story of King Phao Ra and Dedu- Mose/Msw/Messu happened during the 14^th-16^th Dynasties. c. 1650-1582 BC.
The Exodus biblical story refers to the Israelites' enslavement and the Ten Plagues.	King Phao Ra likely started a campaign of oppression against his old political allies and new opponents the Israelites (B'nei Yisrael). There were likely famines and plagues towards the end of the 13^th and 14^th dynasties in Ancient Egypt.
The Exodus biblical story refers to the departure of the Israelites from Ancient Egypt during the Pharoah's reign.	There was no departure for the West Asian groups including potentially the Israelites during King Phao Ra`s reign. It is likely that Dedu-Mose I and his followers achieved some victories over Phao Ra and lived in some parts of Ancient Egypt simultaneously with the Hyksos.
Some suggest that King Ramesses II was the Pharoah of the Exodus.	His name was Ra Mose II. Historical and archeological evidence does not support this hypothesis. King Ra Mose II might have expelled some West Asian groups that were considered a threat to national security, but this is not to be confused with the events that happened c. 350 years earlier during the reign of King Phao Ra.

Tuesday, February 20, 2024

Introducing the "IN" sign to Schrodinger`s equation

Mohammad Hasan Algarhy introduced the "IN" sign as a new mathematical symbol. The "IN" sign was first introduced in his book "Quantizing Emotions - The Basic Mathematics of Psychology" which was published in February 2021.

Quantizing Emotions - The Basic Mathematics of Psychology: Here

The Big Defreeze of the Universe - Analogies and Thought Experiments: Here

The Unified Complex Forces

The Retrieving Force

The Balancing Force

The Higher Dimension Force

The Straight Line Analogy

The Notebook Thought Experiment